General Introduction
Alloy 2507, with UNS number S32750, is a famous super duplex stainless steel. As a member of the duplex stainless steel family, it is a two-phase alloy based on the iron-chromium-nickel system with a mixed structure of about equal proportions of austenite and ferrite. Due to the duplex phase balance, Alloy 2507 exhibits excellent resistance to general corrosion like that of austenitic stainless steels with similar alloying elements. Besides, it possesses higher tensile and yield strengths as well as significantly better chloride SCC resistance than its austenitic counterparts while maintaining better impact toughness than the ferritic counterparts.
Chloride SCC Resistance, Pitting & Crevice Resistance
For severe environments in which chloride SCC is the primary concern, all austenitic stainless steels, especially types 304 and 316, are susceptible to some degree. Standard duplex stainless steel 2205 (S31803/ S32750) is highly resistant to chloride SCC. Under certain conditions of temperature – Cl– concentration combination, super duplex stainless steel 2507 (S32750) is completely immune to the stress corrosion cracking as illustrated in the diagram above. This has been attributed to the blocking of crack propagation by the ferrite. The SCC resistance may be evaluated by a drop evaporation test in which the critical stress that caused cracking is indicated as a percentage of yield strength. According to lab literature, in the drop evaporation test with sodium chloride solutions at 120°C [248°F], the critical stress that caused stress corrosion cracking of mill-annealed Alloy 2507 (S32750) is about 76% of the yield strength. It is much higher than the value of Type 316 which is only about 5%.
Chloride stress corrosion resistance (SCC) of selected duplex stainless steels (S31803, S32304, S32750) relative to that of austenitic stainless steels (304/ 304L, 316/ 316L) as a function of temperature and chloride concentration. Test duration was 1000 hours. Applied stress was equal to yield strength.
Pitting corrosion resistance is most easily affected by chemical composition. To determine the extent of pitting corrosion resistance offered by the material, the pitting corrosion resistance number PREN is commonly used. The PREN value is calculated by adding the weight percentages of elements that affect pitting corrosion resistance – namely, Cr, Mo, N. The equation is PREN = Cr + 3.3Mo + 16N. Alloy 2507 (S32750) is termed “super” duplex stainless steel since its PREN value is no less than 40, usually in the 40~45 range. Alloy 2507 also exhibits promising resistance to crevice corrosion in chloride solutions. The crevice corrosion occurs in gasket joints, under deposits and in bolted joints where a crevice is formed in fabricated products. For a particular chloride environments, the duplex stainless steel can be characterized by a temperature above which pitting corrosion or crevice corrosion will initiate and propagate to a visibly detectable extent within about 24 hours. This temperature is known as the critical pitting temperature (CPT) or critical crevice temperature (CCT). According to lab literature, evaluated in 6% ferric chloride by ASTM G48, the CPT and CCT for duplex alloy 2507 (S32750) are approximate 78°C and 37°C, respectively.
Chemical Composition Requirements
| Element | Composition, % |
|---|---|
| C | ≤0.030 |
| Mn | ≤1.20 |
| P | ≤0.035 |
| S | ≤0.020 |
| Si | ≤0.80 |
| Cr | 24.0–26.0 |
| Ni | 6.0–8.0 |
| Mo | 3.0–5.0 |
| N | 0.24–0.32 |
| Cu | ≤0.50 |
The nominal composition of alloy 2507 (S32750) is 25Cr-7Ni-4Mo-N. Compared to alloy 2205 (S32205), alloy 2507 has higher chromium content, which results in increased corrosion resistance. Since chromium promotes the body-centered cubic structure of iron as a ferrite former, more nickel is necessary to promote the the formation of austenite to balance the effect of higher chromium. Higher chromium also promotes the formation of detrimental intermetallic phases, which are sensitive to 475°C embrittlement because of precipitation of the chromium-rich α’ phase, and to embrittlement by sigma, chi and other phases at higher temperatures. Alloy 2507 (S32750) also has higher nitrogen content, which not only promotes the formation of austenite and increases the strength, but also delays the formation of intermetallic phases enough to permit processing and fabrication of the duplex grade.
Product Forms & International Equivalent
| Product Form | Standard & Grade |
|---|---|
| Forging | ASTM A182 F53 ASME SA-182 F53 |
| Sheets, Plate | ASTM A240 S32750 ASME SA-240 S32750 |
| Seamless Tube | ASTM A789 S32750 ASME SA-789 S32750 |
| Welded Tube | ASTM A789 S32750 ASME SA-789 S32750 |
| Seamless Pipe | ASTM A790 S32750 ASME SA-790 S32750 |
| Welded Pipe | ASTM A790 S32750 ASME SA-790 S32750 |
| Bar & Shape | ASTM A276 S32750 |
| Billet & Bar | ASTM A314 S32750 |
| Sanitary Tubing | ASTM A270 S32750 |
| Bar & Shape | ASTM A479 S32750 |
| Pipe Fitting | ASTM A815 WPS32750 ASTM A815 CRS72750 |
| Forging | EN 10222-5 1.4410 |
| Flat Product | EN 10028-7 1.4410 |
| Bar | EN 10272 1.4410 |
| Seamless Tube | EN 10216-5 1.4410 |
| Welded Tube | EN 10296-2 1.4410 |
| Seamless Tube | EN 10297-2 1.4410 |
*Both ASME/ ASTM and EN grades are listed.
Duplex alloy 2507 (S32750) is a widely used super duplex stainless steel. Many international equivalents are available commercially including EN/DIN 1.4410 (X2CrNiMoN25-7-4), JIS SUS 329 J4L, China’s GB 022Cr25Ni7Mo4N, KS STS 329 J4L, as well as AF 2507, UR 2507, NAS 74N, SAF 2507.
Heat Treatment & Applications
Super duplex stainless steel 2507 shall be heat treated by solution annealing and a subsequent rapid water quenching. They can be used for pulp and paper industry, seawater desalination, oil and gas industry, food and drink, architecture, chemical plant, power plant.
